which scenario best exemplifies ethnocentrism? which scenario best exemplifies ethnocentrism?

References https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnocentrism Ethnocentrism is a word used to describe the cultural or ethnic biaswhether conscious or unconsciousby which an individual perceives the world through the perspective of . This is a common criticism that Quebecois Canadians have of English-speaking Canadians. Some would argue thats whats going on with the country's involvement in the Middle East. Ethnocentrism occurs when one believes that their own cultural group is superior to others. Better yet, why not turn it into a persuasive speech? This approach matters because it has led to the emergence of theories that are more relevant to the lives and cultures of people not only in Africa but also those far removed from their African origins. c. c. Ethnocentrism c. Deregulation d. Affirmative action d Antony owned a restaurant in the United States in the 1950s. Sumner, W. G. (1906). Acculturation. For traditional Peruvian cultures, Guinea Pigs are animals to be eaten! Many cross-cultural psychologists have found that many observations about human thought and behavior may only be generalizable to specific groups. And if you wrong us, shall we not revenge?". Shylock's point is that, despite the cultural differences, we are all still human. Most Filipinos have had the start-up capital necessary to open their own businesses. a. The threat is that once the relationship occurs, one can no longer claim that any single culture is the absolute truth. Still, it's important for people to develop cross-cultural relationships that support the exchanging of ideas and goods with respect and reciprocity. 2000. Deregulation There are many common examples of xenocentrism that can be witnessed in daily life, such as. To a lesser extent, this same debate arises around the circumcision of baby boys in Western hospitals. Relationships the differences in family, romantic relationships, and friendships that are influenced by culture. And this belief has certainly been heightened by the effects of globalization, since the lifestyles of cultures outside of one's own have become readily available. Adolf Hitler decided he hated Jewish people, as well as other groups of people, and had many innocent people slaughtered in concentration camps. He did not feel negatively toward African Americans but refused to serve them in his restaurant because he feared that serving them would offend his white customers. a. Unwilling to learn about other cultures because they are perceived as inferior. Instead of judging squat toilets as being primitive, an American in China who understands cultural relativism would try to appreciate that from a Chinese perspective, toilet seats are seen as unsanitary since they carry bacteria from people's bodies. Ethnocentrism and cultural relativism are two ways in which we assess a culture that is not our own. He interacts with his coworkers but only gradually gains acceptance in everyday interaction with members of the dominant group. Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism Ethnocentrism is the tendency to look at the world primarily from the perspective of one's own culture. Promotes understanding and appreciation of different cultures, and can reduce conflict between them. For this, the other black woman in her town are full of contempt for her. white Anglo-Saxon Protestants and Ethnocentrism can be avoided or reduced by studying culture using an emic approach. But, be sure to stay open-minded and avoid making unfair judgements of others. a. The belief is that vehicles manufactured in other countries are better than ones made in your own country. It can manifest in overt beliefs and behavior or in subconscious views and prejudices. Another example is the notion of America as being "the land of opportunity". This is why you will see US citizens heading to the French wine sections in grocery stores, for American wine isn't thought of as famous or exclusive. Ethnocentrism can lead to negative attitudes and behaviors towards those who are perceived as different and can contribute to conflicts and misunderstandings between different cultural groups. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. Learn more about our academic and editorial standards. He is the former editor of the Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education. When we talk about Western values, we find that the culture of eating with knives, forks, and spoons seem to have come from the West. https://pediaa.com/what-is-the-difference-between-ethnocentrism-and-cultural-relativism/#:~:text=and%20Cultural%20Relativism-,Definition,using%20standards%20of%20another%20culture. When visiting foreign countries, people often judge those foreign cultures by their own native cultural standards. However, she describes white athletes as intelligent people who are better suited for decision-making positions. Rosado, C. (1994). Which scenario best explains the process of assimilation? Indochinese Americans Ainsworths classic study of The Strange Situation (1970) is an example of ethnocentric research. Part of ethnocentrism is the belief that ones own race, ethnic or cultural group is the most important or that some or all aspects of its culture are superior to those of other groups. d. Race is based on physical characteristics, whereas ethnicity is based on culture and national origin. Tilley, J. J. Ultimately, it is important for people to develop cross-cultural relationships that allow them to learn from and appreciate the knowledge and traditions of other cultures, and to exchange ideas and goods with respect and reciprocity. Respects and appreciates the diversity of other cultures. This idealization may then result in cultural appropriation if an individual from a majority ethic group mimics the culture of a minority ethic group without proper permission, respect, or education. Ethnocentrism is the belief that your culture is natural and correct while other peoples cultures are incorrect, unnatural, or inferior. c. Racial stratification In order to avoid conflict over culture practices and beliefs, we must all try to be more culturally relative. An example of how cultural relativism is relevant in research is noted by Sternberg (1985), who stated that the meaning of intelligence is different in every culture. Furthermore, Michelle's father makes the mistake of toasting to his soon-to-be in-laws with hopes that theyll sit many happy shivas together. You often only hear accents if theyre different from your own. This had a negative effect on the attitudes of white Americans towards these other groups of people, specifically that they were not as intelligent as them. The writing illustrates important components of ethnocentrism in history as well because, before the victory of the Civil Rights era, blacks would often try to "pass" for whites, and those who succeeded were often scorned by other blacks. When considering harmful cultural traditions, it can be patronizing to use cultural relativism as an excuse for avoiding debate. a. In addition, xenocentrism can become an issue when people are defined as "exotic". Likely, many westerners would consider chopsticks to be a strange tool for eating. While prejudice certainly leads to problems, very rarely in history has ethnocentrism led to the mass slaughter of millions of innocent people at the scale witnessed in Nazi Germany. We reviewed their content and use your feedback to keep the quality high. Researchers can also use input from people from different cultures to discuss any potential methodology flaws which can lead to cultural bias. If you tickle us, do we not laugh? It does not mean that German mothers are more insensitive or that Japanese mothers are too clingy to their children just because their infants react differently to American children. b. The concept of American exceptionalism also leads to a concept known as nationalistic Americentrism, a smug and egotistical belief that the United States is morally superior and its culture more important than those of other nations. They migrated primarily from northern Europe and assumed a dominant cultural position in society. unequal in physical and intellectual capabilities? copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. This ethnocentrism can be fun, and only really has a negative effect when you start discriminating against people based on their accent. 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Recent issues of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) now include a list of culture-specific behaviors that help diagnose mental health issues accurately. This can reinforce the in-group/out-group mentality. - Definition & Examples, What is Human Nature? c. a. Racism An example of ethnocentrism is believing that the traditional clothing of a culture other than your own is strange or incorrect. In contrast, cultural relativism would appreciate and accept that different cultures have their own clothing and would not make a negative judgment about someones clothing even if it is different from what is the norm for them. And usually, people who study ethnocentrism come to conclusions that highlight the importance of cultural pluralism (that is, cultures living together and respecting one another) and compassion. Unlike ethnic groups, racial groups share a sense of territoriality. Experts are tested by Chegg as specialists in their subject area. For instance, when a non-Indigenous individual wears a headdress, their action is generally viewed as disrespectful, since non-Indigenous people don't have a deep understanding of the distinct knowledge and traditions that Indigenous groups associate with the wearing of a headdress. d. A bank consistently denies loans to people of color because it believes they are unlikely to repay the amount due on time. About The Helpful Professor What is Directed Cultural Change? While ethnocentrism is the belief that ones own culture is superior and correct compared to others, xenocentrism is the belief that other cultures are better than ones own culture. Symbols, values, norms and beliefs are examples of Nonmaterial Culture Bill is a sociologist who studies poverty. Ethnocentrism Examples & Types | Ethnocentric Bias, Perspective & View Cultural Relativism in Sociology: Definition, Argument & Examples a. | Cultural Mores: Examples. Intelligence tests that are designed by Western researchers reflect the idea of what the West considers as being intelligent. E.g. Which of the following theoretical perspectives is associated with the contact hypothesis? ), 9. Boston, MA: Ginn and Company. Cultural relativism is the practice of viewing foreign cultures or nations from their unique standards and perspectives. d. b. Instead, researchers should make sure to point out that their research may only be applied to the sample they studied and the application to other cultures is questionable. This is a mindset that is driven by fear that your culture will be diluted by migrants. Ethnocentrism is a way of thinking and perceiving the world that centers on one's own cultural or ethnic group. a. According to Dr. Cecil Cook, the Northern Territory Chief Protector of Aborigines, there was urgency to ensure mixed race children reject Aboriginal cultures: Everything necessary [must be done] to convert the half-caste into a white citizen. The Negative Effects of Ethnocentrism in My Big Fat Greek Wedding Movie. They live primarily in the southwestern region of the United States. From this perspective, an American in Latin America may judge kissing on the cheek as an invasion of one's personal space or even as being sexually forward. Heres a scholarly definition from Sumner, the person who coined the term: the view of things in which ones own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it (Sumner, 1906). Examples of Ethnocentrism 1. Multiple Choice Estavan faces an ethical dilemma as he must decide whether or not to hire his underqualified cousin. Obviously, they didn't deserve the torture they received, and this was clearly an extreme case of ethnocentrism. Ethnocentrism means The tendency to look at the world primarily from the perspective of ones own traditional, deferred, or adoptive ethnic culture, while Xenocentrism means apreference for the products, styles, or ideas of a different culture. Cultural relativism tries to counter ethnocentrism by promoting the understanding of cultural practices that are unfamiliar to other cultures such as eating insects, genocides or genital cutting. Ethnocentrism is the practice where we tend to believe that our own culture, ethnic group, race, etc. As weve seen, such uninformed judgements have had terrible consequences around the world. Someone who is ethnocentric may believe that their culture is correct and normal, but someone who adopts cultural relativism understands that one culture is not better than another. They go on to say that only about 11% of the worlds population is represented in the top psychology journals and that 89% of the population is neglected. Taking a look at ethnocentrism helps us to identify our own biases and blind spots. b. b. c. Which of the following racial or ethnic groups has been the most privileged racial or ethnic group in the United States? c. Such a belief develops out of socialization, which provides us the knowledge of the existence of different cultures, and that of our own, what these cultures entail, what is normal, what is different, what is right or what is wrong. Most noteworthy are the differences observed in Japanese and German infants compared to American infants. Ethnocentrism, by contrast, refers to the preference of one's own culture or country over all others. Conclusions were drawn from the results that the results would be the same across all cultures. c. 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SURVEY . There is still a strong Western bias, with one analysis finding that 90% of participants in research are drawn from Western countries, with 60% of these participants being American (Thalmayer et al., 2021). Take for example, the common practice of same-sex friends in India walking in public while holding hands. Leah, a white American sports journalist, describes African American athletes as naturally gifted people with athletic abilities who are more suitable for team positions that require agility rather than information processing. As for certifications, Nichole is a certified ESL/TEFL teacher, and she has nearly 10 years of experience in teaching English Language Learners. The idolization of large blue eyes and pale white skin in Eastern Asian countries. Copyright 2023 Helpful Professor. BSc (Hons) Psychology, MRes, PhD, University of Manchester. in T.V. Simply Scholar Ltd. 20-22 Wenlock Road, London N1 7GU, 2023 Simply Scholar, Ltd. All rights reserved. Saul Mcleod, Ph.D., is a qualified psychology teacher with over 18 years experience of working in further and higher education. Xenocentrism can provide opportunities for people and countries across the world to learn from one another with the goal of supporting diversity and inclusion. For example, some people who move to the United States might have dreamed of fleeing their homeland to the USA since childhood because theyve loved the concept of freedom, small government, and capitalism. answer choices A family immigrates to a new country, settles near others from their homeland, and conducts most of their day-to-day activities within their ethnic neighborhood. We often have involuntary reactions toward another person or cultures practices or beliefs but these reactions do not have to result in horrible events such as genocide or war. d. Previously, some culture-specific behaviors were often misdiagnosed as a symptom of a disorder. c. civil disobedience. And the notion of the "American Dream" or America as "the land of opportunity" in countries outside of the US. The concept of cross-cultural relationship is the idea that people from different cultures can have relationships that acknowledge, respect and begin to understand each others diverse lives. For example, considering the differences between Chinese culture and American culture, it would be beneficial for Americans to try and see things from a Chinese perspective when visiting China, rather than applying an American lens. We watch the family as they spend their Sabbaths in the temple and clamor to win the rabbis affection so hell visit their home on the Sabbath. Someone who does not take a relativistic view might be tempted to see their own understanding of this behavior as superior and, perhaps, the foreign practice as being immoral. Study Resources. However, the results from other cultures were very different. b. This is an example of ethnocentrism being put into policy in order to protect one ethnic identity and suppress another. c. They have higher levels of educational attainment than the overall Hispanic population. However, in other cultures, motor skills are less relevant to intelligent behaviors, and the culture instead values vast knowledge on a range of topics, such as intelligence instead. A third form of totalitarianism might be referred to as tribal totalitarianism, a political system in which a party, group, or individual that represents the interests of a particular tribe (ethnic group) monopolizes political power. Clearly, this practice relates to problems of both racism and prejudice. Residential schools were set up in 1828, and while most were closed in the 1960s, the last one closed in 1997. They also overtook lands in Africa, Australia, Canada, India, Ireland, Scotland, and more. All articles are edited by a PhD level academic. PEDIAA. Culture and Psychology by L D Worthy; T Lavigne; and F Romero is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Cross-cultural psychology can explore many topics, such as: Child development whether unique cultural practices influence development. And of course, they also want their children to marry within the Greek community. a. Natalie is highly tolerant toward different cultures and enjoys learning different languages. Jennifer, a white American, believes that the customs of her own culture are superior to those of other cultures. Ethnocentrism can lead to people being more close-minded to how other people live, almost as if they are living in a bubble of their own culture. The idea that French wine is superior to all other wine is one example of xenocentrism. As information from across the world is spread through technology, it is only natural for people to want what they don't have, and even more so if they notice that other countries and cultures have access to greater opportunities or more advanced industries and products. Which of Joe R. Feagin's four categories of discrimination is demonstrated in this example? Antony owned a restaurant in the United States in the 1950s. But many Asian cultures where chopsticks are the norm may have opposite views. Furthermore, xenocentrism supports cultural diffusion, or the spread of cultures, which is important for people to develop a deeper understanding and acceptance of diverse ethnic groups. Ethnocentrism is a word used to describe the cultural or ethnic biaswhether conscious or unconsciousby which an individual perceives the world through the perspective of his or her own group, defining the in-group as archetypal and judging all other groups in comparison to this ideal. From this, they can develop research procedures and interpret the findings with that culture in mind. Despite the fact that cultural relativism promotes the appreciation for cultural differences, it can also be problematic. When other cultures are observed to differ from the researchers own, they may be regarded negatively, e.g., primitive, degenerate, unsophisticated, undeveloped, etc. She has worked at high schools, universities, and language institutes in China, Peru, Taiwan, and Online; furthermore, she ran an Indigenous-based education program in Maui. b. Hofstede added a fifth dimension known as long-term versus short-term orientation which was, What does Porter point to as the reason for Japans success in the postWorld War II, What is the most widely spoken language in the world, and is increasingly becoming the.